First published on this day in , the telephone directory widely considered to be the absolute first phone book was nothing but a sheet of cardboard with the names of both private people and businesses who had a telephone. The fact that there were 50 people to call in New Haven, Connecticut in definitely had something to do with the fact that the telephone was invented near there less than two years previously and was first demonstrated by inventor Alexander Graham Bell in New Haven.
In November he was awarded a Bell telephone franchise for New Haven and Middlesex counties and spent the next two months getting partners and financial backing.
That number had ballooned by the time the directory came out. Before that, Smith writes, the first telephones were privately used on direct lines.
Printing books was also the first process of mass production —the process that centuries later became the model for the Industrial Revolution. Yet the process of printing from movable type, for centuries attributed to Gutenberg, without supporting documents on the technical aspects of the process, except for the surviving examples of his printing, seems to have evolved in stages from the early s, and may or may not have involved other inventors besides Gutenberg.
In physicist and software developer Blaise Aguera y Arcas and Paul Needham , Librarian of the Scheide Library at Princeton University, working on original editions in the Scheide Library, used high resolution scans of individual characters printed by Gutenberg, and image processing algorithms to locate and compare variants of the same characters printed by Gutenberg. While some identical types are clearly used on other pages, other variations, subjected to detailed image analysis, made for only one conclusion: that they could not have been produced from the same matrix.
Transmitted light pictures of the page also revealed substructures in the type that could not arise from punchcutting techniques. Casting the type would destroy the mould, and the alphabet would need to be recreated to make additional type. This would explain the non-identical type, as well as the substructures observed in the printed type.
Thus, they feel that 'the decisive factor for the birth of typography', the use of reusable moulds for casting type, might have been a more progressive process than was previously thought. When the punch-matrix process of typefounding which became dominant was introduced, and by whom, remained an unsolved problem in It has been determined that there were three phases in the printing process of the B The first sheets were rubricated by being passed twice through the printing press, using black and then red ink.
This process was soon abandoned, with spaces left for rubrication to be added by hand. Some time later, after more sheets had been printed, the number of lines per page was increased from 40 to 42, presumably to save paper. Therefore, pages 1 to 9 and pages to , presumably the first ones printed, have 40 lines each.
A signature mark was denoted by a letter or in some modern books, numerals printed in the tail margin of each gathering of a book, as a guide to the binder in assembling them correctly Carter. In the s, greater accessibility to the written word for all classes now prevailed.
Reading material was now no longer solely the privilege of the wealthy. Books were being produced en-masse and significantly more cheaply. In discussing page numbers presently, it is evident that a large majority of people read books on-line. In looking at one of the latest inventions, The Kindle App, the layout of the pages contrasts significantly with that of a book.
The Kindle app is a tool which allows people to read books on any device: The computer, tablet, iphone and blackberry. Through downloading the Kindle app onto any of the above devices, people can read any book in any location around the world.
There are many differences between the kindle e-book and the physical book. Location numbers on this device are easily accessed. For citation purposes reading books on-line can often prove difficult. Carter, John, and Nicolas Barker. ABC for Book Collectors. Gaskell, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. Encyclopedia of the Book. Tanselle, G.
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