This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. Orchard is a traditional form of fruit growing. Unlike low-fruit plantations, tall trees of different ages and different species grow in traditional orchards. Traditional orchards are generally maintained without the use of artificial preservatives or fertilizers. There are a lot of different types of orchards, but we can divide them into four main categories:. From an environmental point of view, they are an important part of the cultural landscape.
Supporting vegetation provides a suitable habitat for many animal species, and thus has a positive impact on the conservation of biodiversity in the environment. Traditional orchards are multiple-use agricultural lands: used to produce fruit using grass or meadow for hay production or as pasture. Fruit plantations, on the other hand, consist of low fruit monocultures.
Old fruit varieties are especially resistant to diseases and pests. Different fruit varieties may be regionally specific. Orchards with traditional tall trees require much more work than a plantation with low-growing trees. Fruit growing is a very important branch of agricultural production.
In well-organized conditions of production and fruit marketing, in fruit production, it can often be achieved significantly higher gross yield per unit area than in other agricultural branches production. Specifically, the consumption of fresh fruits and fruit products is increasing with the standard of living.
Due to its nutritional and therapeutic value, fruit enters the menu throughout the whole year. Thanks to the improvement of the technology of storage, fruit processing, and better transport connections and the organization of market supply always fresh fruits and quality products are available.
However, the price of fruit and fruit products is still high, so manufacturers achieve good economic effects. Because of all mentioned the interest of the fruit growers is growing and the growing of fruit is constantly increasing and improving. The perpendicular distance between any two adjacent rows is equal to the product of 0.
The limitations of this system are that it is difficult to layout and the cultivation is not so easily done as in the square system.
Diagonal or quincunx system: This is the square method but with one more plant in the centre of the square. This will accommodate double the number of plants, but does not provide equal spacing. The central filler tree chosen may be a short lived one.
This system can be followed when the distance between the permanent trees is more than 10m. As there will be competition between permanent and filler trees, the filler trees should be removed after a few years when main trees come to bearing. Triangular system: The trees are planted as in square system but the difference being that those in the even numbered rows are midway between those in the odd rows instead of opposite to them.
Triangular system is based on the principle of isolateral triangle. The distance between any two adjacent trees in a row is equal to the perpendicular distance between any two adjacent rows. However, the vertical distance, between immediate two trees in the adjacent rows, is equal to the product of 1.
When compared to square system, each tree occupies more area and hence it accommodates few trees per hectare than the square system. Contour system: It is generally followed on the hills where the plants are planted along the contour across the slope. The main purpose of this system is to minimize land erosion and to conserve soil moisture so as to make the slope fit for growing fruits and plantation crops. The contour line is so designed and graded in such a way that the flow of water in the irrigation channel becomes slow and thus finds time to penetrate into the, soil without causing erosion.
Terrace system on the other hand refers to planting in flat strip of land formed across a sloping side of a hill, lying level along the contours. Terraced fields rise in steps one above the other and help to bring more area into productive use and also to prevent soil erosion.
The width of the contour terrace varies according to the nature of the slope. If the slope becomes stiff, the width of terrace is narrower and vice-versa. The planting distance under the contour system may not be uniform. In South India, tea is planted in contours either in single hedge system or in double hedge system. Number of plant population that can be accommodated in this system is. In South Indian hills, peas and beans are sown under paired row system which is almost similar to double hedge planting system.
The seeds are sown at 10 cm interval in each double row of 30 cm apart with the distance of 1. Planting distance The minimum vertical distance between any two trees or plants is referred as the planting distance and this varies depending upon many factors. The principles in deciding the planting distances are the following. Trees when fully grown, the fringes of trees should touch each other but the branches should not interlock. Trees root will spread over a much larger area than top and there should be proper room for the roots to feed without competition.
Factors which decide the planting distance are the following. Kind of fruit trees - mangoes are planted at a distance of 10m x 10m, guavas at a distance of 5m x 5m while papayas are planted at a distance of 2m x 2m.
Rainfall - wider spacing should be given in low rainfall areas than the high rainfall areas for a kind of tree. Soil type and soil fertility - in heavy soils less spacing should be given because the top and root growth are limited. Rootstocks - trees of the same variety grafted on different root stocks will grow to different sizes and as such require different planting distances. Apple 5. Pruning and training - trees trained on head system requires closer spacing than the other type of training system.
Irrigation system In general, if the spacing is too wide, it is obvious that the yield per unit area would be greatly reduced.
Only in very, exceptional cases would this be justifiable. Ordinarily it is more profitable to plant the trees closer together and supply the needed water and food materials. If the trees are too close together, the trees grow tall rendering pruning, spraying and harvesting difficult. There is root competition and inadequate nutrition and the trees as such give less yield and produce smaller fruits of poor colour.
Cultivation also becomes difficult in the closely planted orchards. Close planting results in a greater yield per unit area in the early life of the tree but less in the more important later years. Close planting. The total number of trees per hectare for various important horticultural crops under a square b hexagonal and c triangular system of planting are given below:. The calculation of the number of trees per hectare when planted under square or rectangular system is very easy, and is obtained by dividing the total area 'by the area occupied by each tree a x a in square system or l x b in rectangular system.
The theoretical and the actual number of possible trees which can be planted in an orchard depends upon the shape of the field. In practice, in large fields, the percentage difference between the theoretical number and the actual number possible will be less.
High density planting system Planting of fruit trees rather at a closer spacing than the recommended one using certain special techniques with the sole objective of obtaining maximum productivity per unit area without sacrificing quality is often referred as 'High density planting' or HDP. This technique was first established in apple in Europe during sixties and now majority of the apple orchards in Europe, America, Australia and New Zealand are grown under this system.
In this system, four planting densities are recognized for apples viz. Recently, super high density planting system has been also established in apple orchards with a plant population of 20, trees per ha. Advantages of HDP are: i Early cropping and higher yields for a long time; the average yield in apple is about 5. Characteristics of HDP are: a. The trees ofHDP should have maximum number of fruiting branches and minimum number of structural branches. The trees are generally trained with a central leader surrounded by nearly horizontal fruiting branches.
These branches should be so arranged and pruned in such a way that each branch casts a minimum amount of shade on other branches. The height should be one and half its diameter at the base. A key to successful HDP depends upon the control of tree size. This is achieved by a Use of size controlling root stocks. In apple, dwarfing root stocks and intermediate stocks like MM , MM , and MM are used to control the size of the plant.
The spur types which have restricted annual growth are alone suitable for HDP. This results in increased flowering in the subsequent years and may be useful in encouraging earlier commercial fruit production in strongly vegetative fruitful young trees.
Generally, rectangular planting with single, double and three row plantings are followed. In single row planting, the distance within the row is close, whereas the distance between the row is wide 4x2m. In meadow orchard system, a bed of 10 to 15 rows is closely planted nay 30x45cm and separated by alleys of 2.
This system is also called bed system. Planting season The season of planting varies with different fruits and local conditions. There are two seasons of planting in vogue in India. If the trees are planted early in the rainy season they soon establish themselves and grow vigorously. Deciduous trees may be planted during the dormant period without shock.
Care should be taken that planting is done before the growth starts, otherwise trees suffer severely and will be in poor condition to withstand the next hot weather. Planting methods After locating the positions of the orchard trees, it is important that the trees are planted exactly where the stakes stood.
It can be easily done with the help of a planting board. The planting board is usually of 15m long, 10 cm wide and 2. The planting board is placed in such a way that the stake tree marker fits into the central notch. Two small stakes are inserted one in each end hole. The planting board along with the tree marker is then lifted straight up without disturbing the end stakes. A pit of about 1m cube or of the desired dimensions at the position of the tree marker is then dug.
The pits are allowed to wither for few weeks before planting in some cases. The pits are then filled with top soil already mixed with red earth and well rotten farm yard manure.
Irrigation is then applied to enable the contents of the pits to sett1e down properly. In the event of depressions taking place as a result of irrigation, more soil should be added to the pits to fill them to the level of the land. The pits are then ready for planting. Transplanting The trees should be planted approximately where the original pegs were placed. This is achieved by replacing the planting board in position with the help of the guide pegs and the stem of the trees is brought to the central notch with the help of a hand hoe.
One of the most common mistakes is that of planting the trees too deep. The plants should be sent in such a way that the bud union remains slightly above the ground level. The trees in the field should be planted as deep as they stood in the nursery. The trees are irrigated soon after p1anting. This consolidates the soil and.
A small basin may be made around the tree for this purpose. Planting if taken up during the rains, this basin should be demolished within a day or two so that water will not collect around the tree. This is more dangerous on heavy than light soils. Spring winds cause damage to the growing p1ants by giving a constant shaking. To prevent this, plants should be staked when p1anted. Some young plants are subject to considerable injury from sunburn particularly if tbey have been trained to single stem with no branches for 45cm or more from the ground.
Such trunk can be protected by wrapping them with paper or other material or by painting them with white wash. The latter is probably best, as most materials wrapped around the trunk would be subject to termite attack. Nothing at all. Plantations do not have animals. A Hall is a plantation located on a river or creek, usually salt water.
One produced tobacco, the other produced sugar. There is no Orchard whale. The main differences are where they grow best, and how quickly they mature. Also Timothy tends to be more expensive than Orchard hay. Blackbirders people who take people to work them in the plantation or use them as a slaves. A grove is a small cluster of cultivated tress that may or may not be fruit or nut trees.
An orchard consist of only fruit or nut trees. A garden could be an area where there are vegtables and fruit and flowers where an orchard is usually used to refer to an organized stand of fruit trees such as apples, pears, grapes, oranges, etc.
Yeomen did not own slaves and were poor while plantation owners were rich and owned many slaves. A orchard is a place where people grow trees and shrubs orchard is a place where devoted to plant trees or nut trees or a place where it is accesible to plant a rows of rows of trees like a plantation of oranges grove that needs a big space. The main difference between plantations and subsistence farming is the reason for the farming.
Subsistence farming is for one's personal diet needs while plantations are mostly for commercial growing. A grove is a stand of fruit or nut trees without underbrush. An orchard is a planting of fruit or nut trees planted for the purpose of harvesting. All orchars are decideous trees and all groves are evergreen trees.
Simple as that! Orchard and Timothy hay are two different species of hay. Both are considered grass type hays however. Timothy hay tends to have a lower protein level than Orchard hay, but can also be more expensive. The overall nutritional content of both hays will vary according to where they are grown.
Log in. The Difference Between. Study now. See Answer. Best Answer. Study guides. History of the United States 24 cards. When did immigrants begin to come to America. What did the progressives support.
0コメント